Types of
tempreture sensors:
When selecting which type of
sensor to use there a myriad of considerations that must be made depending
specifically on the application.
Additionally however when selecting a sensor
it is important to consider the temperature range, the required accuracy and
response time as these will vary with different measuring methods.
When accuracy is of prime
importance an RTD sensor is preferable although for those with an eye on finances,
thermocouples are clearly the cheaper, more affordable option. Hopefully the
following break down of the RTD, thermocouple and infrared thermometer will
help operatives make the decision.
The temperature sensor that we used in our system is LM35 General Description
The LM35 series are precision
integrated-circuit temperature
sensors, whose output voltage is linearly
proportional to the
Celsius (Centigrade) temperature.
The LM35
thus has an advantage
ü over linear
temperature sensors calibrated in° Kelvin, as the user is not required to
subtract a large constant voltage from its
output to obtain convenient Centigrade scaling.
ü The LM35 does not
require any external calibration or trimming to
provide typical accuracies of ±1⁄4°C at room
temperature and ±3⁄4°C over a full −55 to +150°C temperature
range.
ü Low cost is assured
by trimming and calibration at the wafer level.
ü The LM35’s low
output impedance,linear output, and precise inherent calibration make
interfacing to readout or control circuitry especially easy.
ü It can be used with
single power supplies, or with plus and minus supplies.
ü As it draws only 60
μA from its supply, it hasvery low self-heating, less than 0.1°C in still air.
The
LM35 is rated to operate over a −55° to +150°C temperature range,while the
LM35C is rated for a −40° to +110°C range (−10°with improved accuracy).
The LM35 comes in many different
packages, including the following.
·
TO-92 plastic
transistor-like package,
·
T0-46 metal can
transistor-like package
·
8-lead surface mount SO-8
small outline package
·
TO-202 package. (Shown in
the picture above)
Why lm35?
Features
ü Calibrated directly
in ° Celsius (Centigrade)
ü Linear + 10.0 mV/°C
scale factor
ü 0.5°C accuracy
guaranteeable (at +25°C)
ü Rated for full −55°
to +150°C range
ü Suitable for remote
applications
ü Low cost due to
wafer-level trimming
ü Operates from 4 to
30 volts
ü Less than 60 μA
current drain
ü Low self-heating,
0.08°C in still air
ü Nonlinearity only
±1⁄4°C typical
ü Low for 1 mA loadimpedance
output, 0.1
What Does An LM35 Look Like?
Circuit &
equation:
·
How Do You Use An LM35? (Electrical
Connections)
o Here
is a commonly used circuit. For connections refer to the picture above.
o In
this circuit, parameter values commonly used are:
§ Vc
= 4 to 30v
§ 5v or
12 v are typical values used.
§ Ra
= Vc /10-6
§ Actually,
it can range from 80 KW to 600 KW , but most just use 80 KW.
o Here
is a photo of the LM 35 wired on a circuit board.
§ The
white wire in the photo goes to the power supply.
§ Both
the resistor and the black wire go to ground.
§ The
output voltage is measured from the middle pin to ground.
The general
equation used to convert output voltage to temperature is:
§ Temperature ( oC) = Vout * (100 oC/V)
§
So if Vout
is 1V , then, Temperature = 100 oC
- The output voltage varies linearly
with temperature
The Algorithm of
temperature circuit:
·
The user enter the set
point through the computer.
·
The temperature sensor
comparing the temperature that it measures with the set point and performing an
action which is turning heater or fan according to some condition.
·
If (set
point +5) < temperature sensor then turn on fan with high
speed.
·
Else If
temperature sensor >set point & temperature sensor < (set point +5) then turn
on fan with low speed.
·
Else If set
point > temperature sensor & temperature sensor > ts1(set point -
5) then turn on one led
·
Else If ts1(set
point - 5) > temperature sensor &
temperature sensor >ts2(set point - 10)
then turn on two leds
·
Else turn
on the three leds
·
End if.
The block diagram
of the temperature circuit is as the following: